Inshore survey boat for use in shallow water.

Teletype on inshore survey boat for recording time, depth, electronic positioning information, etc.

Fathometer on inshore survey boat.

Electronics on inshore survey boat.

Inshore survey boat from deck of S/V LAIDLY.

Installing Del Norte navigation transponder on lighthouse.

Packing up and getting ready to leave for shore stations .

Inshore survey boat.

S/V Laidly

S/V Laidly underway.

Sailboats in Fairport Harbor.

Position check in office trailer.

Gas pipe triangulation tower similar to Bilby tower.

U. S. Lake Survey facilities at Detroit, Michigan.

U. S. Lake Survey vessel SURVEYOR is largest vessel at the Lake Survey piers at Detroit, Michigan. Lake Survey fleet in winter quarters.

Water level recording instrument used by the U.S. Lake Survey.

Tidal bench mark eroding away.

Water level recording instrument used by the U.S. Lake Survey.

Water level house used by U.S. Lake Survey Detroit, Michigan.

U. S. Lake Survey facilities at Detroit, Michigan.

Water level recording instrument used by the U.S. Lake Survey.

U.S. Lake Survey Steamer No. 1, used for harbor surveys.

U.S. Lake Survey Steamer No. 2, used for magnetic surveys on Great Lakes.

U.S. Lake Survey Launch Inspector used for surveys of New York state canals.

Floating plant of U.S. Lake Survey in winter quarters at Detroit, Michigan.

Details of some of the hardware of wire sweep apparatus used by the Lake Survey. Francis C. Shenehon(1861-1939) invented a version of the wire sweep in approximately 1901while employed by the U.S. Lake Survey.

Lake Survey Steamer COL J. L. LUSK, used for surveys on the Great Lakes.

Range markers. So long as the vessel stays somewhere inside of the lines projected from the in-line markers, the vessel will stay in the safe channel until reaching a bend in the channel.

Early color-enhanced sidescan sonar imagery showing rock outcrops on offshore bank.

Graham Brothers observing truck called a "dog-catcher" truck. In New Jersey on the survey line that started at Highlands in Sandy Hook area. Line ended at Absecon Inlet area.

Carson P. Buck recording on left, observer Lt. (j.g.) Wilbur Porter on left, Zimmich umbrella holder and "gun-toter" between setups. Zimmich's father was chief of the instrument division. On the Highlands to Absecon level line.

Lt. (j.g.) Wilbur Porter observing next to ditch. Note foot support on cable road barrier. Zimmich, the "gun-toter" is helping support the observer in this precarious position.

Tourist cabins used as living quarters for level crew in western Appalachia. Crew had to commute by train to get to the level line between Jackson and Hazard along the Louisville and Nashville RR. There were seven tunnels along this stretch of line. Surveying was being done for base maps for the Tennessee Valley Authority.

Benton Hickok on left, Ethyl Porter (wife of party chief Wilbur Porter) in left center. Local natives boiling sorghum to make molasses.

Typical company coal-mining town near head of Kentucky River in vicinity of Jenkins, Kentucky. Level party quit following the railroad in this area and crossed over Cumberland Mountain north of Cumberland Gap.

Tourist cabins used as living quarters for level crew in western Appalachia. These cabins were close to a mine entrance and the miners would pass by going work and going home.

Set-up in Breathitt County, Kentucky. Working along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Lt. (j.g.) Wilbur Porter observing, Andy ___ was the umbrella holder (umbrella kept sun off level bubbles and kept instrument level) and instrument carrier (gun-toter.) Andy was killed in a local feud a few years later.

Level setup along the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Ethyl Porter, wife of party chief on left; rodman Ray Fassett from Ferndale Washington; and Ben Hickok umbrella holder and gun-toter.

Level crew in Wise County. From l to r - Ray Fassett rodman; Ben Hickok umbrell a, and gun-toter from Wytheville, Virginia; Wilbur Porter observer from Potsdam, N.Y.; Vincent Benfell recorder, Salt Lake City, Utah; Gerald Wing rodman from Potsdam, N.Y.; Orin Eadie from Washington, D.C., benchmark setter; Pete States, rodman from Pickway, Ohio.

Graham Brothers Trucks. C&GS No. 54 used as observer's truck. Rods carried in tubes on side of truck. These trucks had glass (non-shatter-proof windows), only rear brakes, no heat, and 4-cylinders. Crew road in back no matter what weather.

Lunch on a cold day along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad near Bristol. One ham sandwich, one peanut butter and jelly sandwich, and an apple fueled 10 miles of level work per day.

Observing along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad. Wilbur Porter observing, Vincent Benfell recording and Ben Hickok holding umbrella and gun-toting. Crew would ride the Lonesome Pine Special from Bristol to Norton to get to working area.

Observing along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad. Wilbur Porter observing, Vincent Benfell recording and Pete States holding umbrella and gun-toting. Crew would ride the Lonesome Pine Special from Bristol to Norton to get to working area.

Observing along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad. Train pulling upgrade as smoke almost vertical indicating slow speed. Train headed upgrade could be heard miles off; train coming downgrade wouldn't be heard until nearby sometimes causing dangerous situations on trestles.

Observing along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad. Train pulling upgrade as smoke almost vertical indicating slow speed. Train headed upgrade could be heard miles off; train coming downgrade wouldn't be heard until nearby sometimes causing dangerous situations on trestles.

Observing along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad. Carrying the level line across a trestle. Observer was Wilbur Porter; Vincent Benfell recorder; gun-toter in background was Ray Fassett.

Observing along the Norton Branch of the Southern Railroad. Carrying the level line across a trestle near the southern portal of the Natural Tunnel, southwest Virginia.

Phyliss Benfell looking down an old well at an abandoned house in Chilhowie. Level line was running along the main line of the Norfolk and Western Railroad through this area.

The benchmark crew - Orin Eadie, from Washington, D.C. holding a stray dog; Ben Hickok from Wytheville, Virginia; Ambrose Clay from Washington, D.C.; Vincent Benfell from Salt Lake City, Utah; and Gerald Wing from Potsdam, New York.

On a Bilby tower looking up to the lightkeeper stand. This tower was on the North Carolina State University campus at Raleigh. Chester Seawald on the left, from Mt. Airy, North Carolina. Unidentified on the right.