Lead frozen over with new ice

Remarkable rectangular break in pack ice with young ice formed in rectangle.

New ice formed in lead.

Pressure ridges enclosing bare ice

Brash ice frozen in place.

Lead filled with brash ice.

Remarkable pattern of pressure ridges and large blocks of upthrown ice. Possibly an area of active ridge formation with brash ice.

A lead through the ice pack with different types of ice as seen from a helicopter. Whether the dark streak is open water or grease ice is indeterminate. New and young ice is forming.

Hummocky ice, what appear to be refrozen icicles but probably caused by wind effects, rough surface caused by wind ablation, and other structures in multi-year ice.

Hummocky ice, remnants of ridges, and various wind, water, and freezing patterns captured in the surface expression of multi-year ice.

Frozen melt ponds , a linear feature indicating fractured ice, and a variety of other features are seen on this multi-year ice. The patterns are not easy to discern because of snow cover.

Parallel ridges with huge blocks of blue green ice thrown up. Like the subduction zones of plate tectonics that build mountain ranges, these features are the result of buckling caused by the great pressure of colliding ice floes. Probably second year ice.

Cracking fracturing ice as a lead opens up.

Young ice in a lead that will melt as spring advances and summer comes on.

Multi-year ice with patterns caused by collisions, freezing and refreezing, and wind patterns caused by ablation and wind-sculpted snow.

A fracture in the ice field. GPS buoy equipment was monitoring the deformation of the ice in this area.

An open lead in the ice field.

A hummocky surface. Imagine traversing this terrain with a dog sled as did the early Arctic explorers. This surface is highly deformed old ice.

A hummocky surface. Imagine traversing this terrain with a dog sled as did the early Arctic explorers.

A terrain with ridges in thick first-year ice with large blocks of ice. Note the pattern in the ledge showing snow and ice layers similar to sedimentary layers in sand dunes. Find the footprint for scale.

Looking over a frozen melt pond towards a hummocky ice landscape in multi-year ice.

An ice beacon monitoring air temperature and pressure and ice drift.

On the ice field. A small area of sastrugi, wind-sculpted snow and ice, in the foreground.

Huge blocks of ice forming a pressure ridge. This is a first-year ice ridge.

Scientists inspecting blocks of ice on pressure ridge.

Huge blocks of ice forming a pressure ridge.This is first year-ice

Huge blocks of ice forming a pressure ridge with scientist providing scale of features.

Huge blocks of ice forming a pressure ridge with icicles formed from melting probably caused by sun heating ice and causing localized melting and refreezing.

A mass of huge blocks of ice forming a pressure ridge.

Scientist standing by block of ice for scale on pressure ridge.

How much force could cause this pile of huge blocks of ice to form? These are blocks of ice formed from level first year ice.

A refrozen fracture with nilas ice and frost flowers. flowers.

A fracture in the ice field. This fracture appears to have been caused by some shearing as well as pulling apart.

Unusual remnant of older multi-year ice. .

Snow surface of piece of an ice floe that has been pushed under water by the reclosing of a lead.

Snow surface of piece of an ice floe that has been pushed under water by the reclosing of a lead.

Looking down through openings within a ridge to the waters of the Beaufort Sea.

Dr. Pablo Clemente-Colon next to blocks of ice on a ridge for scale.

An opening fracture in the ice field. Flags are set to monitor motion.

Looking through a porthole of the HEALY to view of second or multi-year ice with aquamarine melt pools .

Picturesque remnant of multi-year ice amongst first year ice floes.

Ice floes, blue-green ice, and open water.

Deteriorating ice floes with melt pools, blue-green ice, and deep dark water in late summer.

Deteriorating ice floes with melt pools, blue-green ice, and deep dark water in late summer.

Melt pools and ice floes seen on a foggy Arctic day.

Approaching ice floes and melt pools from the edge of a polynya.

Radar view of ice to north and polynya to south taken at same time as image arct0429.

Late summer melt ponds and deteriorating ice floes

Looking down to aquamarine colored ice with melt pools breaking through to underlying seawater.

Late summer landscape of open water, ice floes and melt pools.