Early shelters built of driftwood on the Arctic coast.

Looking forward on an Arctic Field Party survey launch at twilight.

Remains of an early trading post. Probably the source of the name "Barter Island."

A view in the "Channeled Scablands" of eastern Washington.

Building an observing stand in eastern Washington.

Harley Nygren at an observing stand in eastern Washington.

Camp at a triangulation station in eastern Washington.

A winter sunset over the North Slope - note the parallel ridges in the snow. They always lay ENE-WSW in this area. The orientation of the ridges was used to navigate away from camp.

A Navy landing ship used for supplies - frozen in to the Arctic Ocean in 1948

Digging out a weasel - not a fun job when it's 40 degrees below zero

The Barter Island Camp starts taking shape after a few days of digging

Even the dogs thought it was cold

Moving the camp to Tigvariak Island - hundreds of tons moved 100 miles

A cat train on the move to Tigvariak Island

Time to start digging out the equipment covered by snow over the winter

A cat train on the move across the tundra Moving equipment and supplies from Barter Island to Tigvariak Island Black object is a boat hull for use in the summer.

Ice berg frozen in pack ice encountered while cat train moved across frozen sea

Winter sea ice terrain of the Beaufort Sea

A congealed old ice pressure ridge along the cat train route to Tigvariak Island

Part of the cat train stopped at twilight

A ski-equipped Norseman plane at Tigvariak Island

Flying over the lagoon ice at Tigvariak Island

Tigvariak Island Camp from the air - boats to left on beach line.

A fine team of sled dogs at Tigvariak Island

Dog sled at Tigvariak Island

A fine team of sled dogs at Tigvariak Island

Caribou being butchered and skinned by Eskimo hunter at Leavitt Island Caribou steak that night and some for the dogs too!

Caribou shot by Eskimo hunter at Leavitt Island

Butchering caribou. Lieutenant Harley Nygren and Eskimo hunter.

Butchering caribou. C&GS surveyor and Eskimo hunter.

Collecting ice to melt for drinking water Obviously not much water available for showers!

Large planes with conventional landing gear can land on the sea ice A DC-3 offshore at Tigvariak Island

A triangulated hydro signal on Tigvariak Island

Roy Sylar observing angles

A reconnaissance signal prior to triangulation observations at Patko Island

The observing party at Patko Island

An "O" camp wanigan - observer's living space while at station Heating very inefficient - top bunks at 100 degrees Bottom bunk at 0 degrees

Bill Love advertising free service ahead on the road to Flaxman Island.

Bill Love and Ensign Harley Nygren At Leffingwell survey monument

Lieutenant Don Jones observing angles with a T-3 theodolite

Vincent Nageak

Commander Robert Earle at Flaxman Island Standing at Leffingwell Survey marker from early 1900's

Grave marker of an unknown on Flaxman Island

Leffingwell's Flaxman Island Base - in use 1909-1911

An outbuilding at Leffingwell's Flaxman Island Base - in use 1909-1911

A group of Eskimos at Brownlow Point across from Flaxman Island

Using a boiler to melt the permafrost for setting a triangulation marker

Using a boiler to melt the permafrost for setting a triangulation marker

Triangulation station NYGREN 1949 - 70 08 51.83200(N) 146 11 24.40800(W)

Other than the cold, baseline measurements were facilitated by measuring across the flat lagoon ice from mainland point-to-point. Baselines were measured to second-order standards and 4-5 miles long.