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Voyage
History of Oceanography
The Early Instruments Collections
Supplemental Material
Early Instruments
Figure 54. Pellet burette - this instrument was produced by the French chemistHenri Pellet. It uses the same principle as that of the Richter or Schmidtburette. It has an automatic zero level, in which the reactive reservoir is pressurized by a ru
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Figure 55. Boutron and Boudet hydrometric devices for measuring density of fresh water.
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Plate 5. Knudsen apparatus for the determination of the nitrogen and oxygenlevels in sea water. Model with three burettes.
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Figure 56. Jacobsen device for extracting gases from sea water. This devicewas invented by Professor Oscar Georg Jacobsen, a member of the German Balticexpedition of 1871-1872. It was based on an instrument conceived by RobertBunsen. Water sample
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Figure 57. Dittmar device for extracting gases from sea water. This devicewas described by the British professor William Dittmar of Anderson's College inGlasgow. He used it to analyze sea water sampled during the CHALLENGERexpedition. It compleme
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Figure 58. Classen device for the measurement of carbon dioxide in sea water.The German chemist Alexander Classen elaborated on the use of this device in1876. The work of Wilhelm Borchers in 1878 on the determination of carbonicacid in mineral wate
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Figure 59. Dittmar device for measuring carbon dioxide in sea water. Thisdevice was used by William Dittmar, then professor at Anderson's College inGlasgow for analyzing sea water collected by the CHALLENGER expedition. Thisinstrument is a variant
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Figure 60. Regnard apparatus for the study of the diffusion of oxygen in seawater. Concerned with the diffusion of air in sea water in still water, DoctorPaul Regnard, a French physiologist, invented this device based on an experiment by Julien Tho
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Figure 61. Pettersson device for the measurement of oxygen and nitrogen in seawater. This device was developed by Professor Otto Pettersson who used it atthe Hydrographic Station at Borno, Sweden. With this apparatus one couldmeasure the oxygen, n
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Figure 62. Knudsen apparatus for the measurement of oxygen and nitrogen in seawater. This was a multiple use device that simultaneously was able to analyze sea water for the presence and amount of a number of gases. It was developedby the Dane Mar
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Figure 63. Sorensen device for the determination of H+ ions. This device which measured the pH of water by a colorimetric method was devised by theDanish chemists Soren Peter Lauritz Sorensen and Sven Palitsch and usedduring the Danish oceanographi
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Plate 6. Thoulet device for separating minerals by means of an iodine solution.This device is typical of many that Julien Thoulet, a French mining engineer,developed for the study of sediments in the ocean. Thoulet became associatedwith the Universi
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Figure 64. Series of Thoulet's sieves for sorting sediment material of varyingsizes on the top. On the bottom, various types of laboratory glass ware used by Thoulet in sediment studies. Thoulet was very concerned with the classification of marine
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Figure 65. Thoulet device for separating sediment from water. This device wasdeveloped to obtain very fine sediment samples that were still suspended in thewater after passing through a series of sieves. Thoulet developed thisinstrument in 1878 pri
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Figure 66. Thoulet vertical tube for sorting sediments. According to JulienThoulet, this device was frequently used for the mechanical analysis ofseafloor sediments being examined.
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Figure 67. Pelometer for the rapid sorting of sediments in water. ProfessorJulien Thoulet used this device on board research ships to rapidly determine the nature of seafloor sediments. It would allow quick classification into asingle category such
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Figure 69. Magnetic device for separating and classifying minerals. This earlydevice that used an electro-magnet to separate minerals of different magneticproperties was conceived of by the French mineralogist Ferdinand Foque in 1879.
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Figure 70. Thoulet device for measuring the density of minerals by means of aniodine solution. The method used in image ship4445 was very crude but thisdevice gave a real measurement, which although a long and delicate process,could be very precise.
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Figure 71. A Mohr-Westphal density balance. This instrument was first described in 1832 by the German chemist Carl Friedrich Mohr. It is a balance with twoarms, where the equilibrium is reached by adding weight on a tray. This type of instrument wa
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Figure 72. Pycnometers for the measurement of the density of sediments.According to Thoulet, the apparent density of a sediment is the weight per cm cubed of the dry sediment when compressed as much as possible. The true density is the relation of t
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