Text/HTML
Login
Menu
Collections
About
Submit
FAQs
Search Open/Close
Open/Close Header Details
Search
Enter Title
Miscellaneous Instruments
Menu Open/Close
Voyage
History of Oceanography
The Early Instruments Collections
Miscellaneous Instruments
Early Instruments
Figure 37. Spring messengers with rotating closing mechanisms. In 1923, theDanish scientist Martin Knudsen described and tested this type of messenger.The goal was to find a form and weight of messenger that would rapidly descend a cable without be
Download
.jpg
(1.33 MB)
Figure 38. Hinged messenger, a model first proposed by the hydrographiclaboratory at Copenhagen in 1914. The models shown are of a later date.
Download
.jpg
(1.05 MB)
Figure 39. Spiral opening messenger - in the design of these messengers, thegroove which allows the device to be placed on the cable is in the form of an Sor Z. The messenger is locked on the cable by means of a rotating part at thetop of the messe
Download
.jpg
(1.04 MB)
Figure 40. Thoulet soluble cartridge messenger for delayed release ofinstruments. These soluble weights were designed to initiate the functioningof an immersed device at a pre-determined time. Thoulet had apparently designed this device for use wi
Download
.jpg
(1.03 MB)
Figure 41. Kiel Commission Hydrometers - these hydrometers were created in 1870 at the initiative of the Commission of Scientific Studies of German Waters atKiel.
Download
.jpg
(1.09 MB)
Figure 42. Buchanan hydrometer made at the request of John Y. Buchanan duringthe CHALLENGER Expedition. These were instruments with variable weight andvolume. Two of these instruments were improved and modified by Victor Chabaudand used during the
Download
.jpg
(1.05 MB)
Figure 42 (continued.) Various Buchanan hydrometers with associated apparatusin their instrument cases.
Download
.jpg
(1.29 MB)
Figure 42 (end.) A Buchanan hydrometer instrument case with the initials ofJohn Y. Buchanan.
Download
.jpg
(1 MB)
Figure 43. Nansen total immersion hydrometer, an instrument of variable weightand constant volume. The fact that the instrument is completely immersed during use explains the term constant volume. Its principle was first put forth byGiuseppe Pisati
Download
.jpg
(1.02 MB)
Figure 44. Thoulet total immersion hydrometer, designed by Professor JulienThoulet for the purpose of studying the density of water from depth for thepurpose of studying sub-surface currents. Professor Thoulet produced thisrelatively small sampling
Download
.jpg
(1.05 MB)
Figure 45. Pettersson small chain hydrometer, designed by Professors Otto andHans Pettersson in 1917. This instrument eliminated difficulties associatedwith the surface tension of the sample as well as variations of volume. A small metal chain help
Download
.jpg
(1.01 MB)
Figure 46. Regnault pycnometers, instruments first mentioned by the physicistHenri-Victor Regnault, a professor at the College of France, in 1843. Theseinstruments were used to measure the density of liquids which he wasstudying to obtain their spec
Download
.jpg
(1.1 MB)
Figure 47. Sprengel pycnometer, first described by the German chemist HermannSprengel in 1873. He had used this instrument for a number of years. It hadgreat precision and was easy to fill. Later the German chemist Wilhelm Ostwaldpartially modifi
Download
.jpg
(962.39 KB)
Figure 48. Knudsen pycnometer, described by the Danish physicist andhydrographer Martin Knudsen in 1902. This instrument was designed to makeprecise laboratory measurements of the density of sea water.
Download
.jpg
(838.18 KB)
Figure 49. Fery refractometer, an instrument first suggested by Julius Hilgardof the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey to measure the density of seawater by relating the index of refraction of a liquid to its density. Theinstrument shown was
Download
.jpg
(1.05 MB)
Figure 50. Berget double deviation refractometer, developed and devised by theFrenchman Alphonse Berget, professor at the Oceanographic Institute. From about 1911 onward, he was concerned with developing an instrument to measure thedensity of a liq
Download
.jpg
(1.01 MB)
Plate 4. Knudsen Burette, an apparatus for the determination of salinity ofwater samples.
Download
.jpg
(1.05 MB)
Figure 51. The Knudsen Burette, introduced by its inventor at the firstinternational conference for the exploration of the sea in 1899, became one ofthe most used instruments in the world for determining salinity of a watersample.
Download
.jpg
(1007.5 KB)
Figure 52. Richter burettes, fabricated by Carl Richter at an indeterminatedate. It is certain that the firm of Richter and Wiese made this type ofburette for measuring salinity up until the recent times.
Download
.jpg
(1.05 MB)
Figure 53. Schmidt burette - although little information exists regarding thisinstrument, it probably was invented by the German chemist Paul Schmidt for useon the VALDIVIA expedition in 1898-1899.
Download
.jpg
(1.01 MB)
Previous
1
2
3
4
5
Next
Last
Back To Top